美国脚轮标准
发表时间:2022-6-21 13:13:10
4test apparatus 测试仪器
this section establishes the basic design requirements for the various apparatus types usedto test casters and wheels.refer to sections 5 - 8 for the testing procedures and acceptancecriteria for specific types of casters as follows:
以下所述是关於用以测试轮子的多种设备之基本设计需要。section5-8是关於测试特殊轮子之过程及标准接受度。
section 5 - furniture chair casters家具(椅子)用小脚轮
section 6 - furniture non-chair casters家具(非椅予)用小脚轮section 7 - industrial casters工业用小脚轮
section 8 - institutional and hospital bed casters医疗床用小脚轮
note that all recording instruments, weights, loads, gages, timing devices and measuringdevices shall be calibrated on a regular basis.
纪录所有的器具、重量、装载量、尺寸时，计时仪器及测量仪器都应该要使用相同的规格。sequence of tests for all casters
initial wheel play test初期轮胎运转测试lnitial swivel play test初期转环运转测试rollability test 转动能力测试
electrical resistance test电气抵抗测试
lnitial wheel brake efficiency test初期轮胎煞车效果测试lnitial swivel lock efficiency test初期转环锁定效果测试
braking and/or locking device fatigue test 煞车及锁定设备疲劳检测dynamic test力学测试
final wheel brake efficiency test最终轮胎煞车效果测试final swivel lock efficiency test最终转环锁定效果测试final wheel play test最终轮胎运转测试
final swivel play test最终转环运转测试static test 静态测试
side load test 侧边装载测试
caster - vertical lmpact test小脚轮垂直冲击测试
wheels - vertical lmpact test轮胎垂直冲击测试wheel play test轮子运转测试
this section establishes the basic requirements for an apparatus to measure wheel play atthe beginning of the test sequence and at the end of the test sequence.
以下所述是关於使用设备来测量检查轮胎运转(开始及结束)所需要的基本设备。
4.2.1 the test fixture shall be so constructed as to rigidly fix the caster assembly in ahorizontal
or vertical position.
用来测试的设备需要被设计的能够牢固的以水平或垂直的方式固定小脚轮。
4.2.2a suitable measuring device accurate to " (0.0254 mm), shall be clamped to thefixture to record the amount of movement as the wheel is tilted from side to side.
於测试时，必须使用一个测量仪蒸(精准度夹紧於被测试的轮子，用以记录轮子倾斜的次数。4.2.3 the measurement shall be taken at the farthest point from and parallel to the axle(refer
to figure 656.)
测试时须使用距轴最遥远的点且须与轴平行。
figure 56: wheel play test apparatus 轮子运转测试仪器swivel play test转环运转测试
this section establishes the basic requirements for an apparatus to measure the swivelplay at the beginning of the test sequence and at the end of the test sequence.
swivel play is the amount of vertical play between the mounting attachment and thecaster housing/rig. this measurement is converted to degrees.
以下所述是关於使用设备来测量检查转环运转(开始及结束)所需要的基本设备。转环运转测试是有关托架及小脚轮间的垂直运转次数。这个试验会以不同角度作测试。
4.3.1 the apparatus consists of an amplifying bar at least 8" (200 mm) long, an indicatoraccurate to " (0.0254 mm) and a securing device.
这个设备是由一支至少200mm的支架，一个精准度达的指示器，以及一个安全装置。4.3.2 the caster is to be secured such that the mounting attachment is free rotating andhorizontal.
小脚轮上的托架需要能够自由的旋转，并水平横放。
4.3.3 refer to figure 57 as an example of the testing position and apparatus.附图57是测试的样本。
figure 57: swivel play test apparatus转环运转测试设备rollability test滚动能力测试
this section establishes the basic requirements for an apparatus to measure the rollingand swiveling performance of a caster at its load capacity.
以下是关於小脚轮於承载时，其滚动及转环运转表现测试时的基本需要。
4.4.1the apparatus for rolling and swiveling forces shall be constructed to accommodate oneor more swivel casters.
滚动及转环运转力量设备需要被设计能够容纳至少一个的小脚轮。
4.4.2 the test machine shall be constructed so that the test plane is horizontal and thecalibrated force gage shall be applied to the caster parallel to the test plane and
positioned as close to the wheel axis as possible.
用来测试的机器需要被建造使得测试平台能够水平横放，测定力量的标准仪器应该要使测试平面能够平行的贴近於小脚轮上，越近越好。
4.4.3 the test surface should be smooth steel and parallel to the mounting plane of thecaster.
测试的表面要是平滑的钢铁，且要与小脚轮的托架平面平行。
4.4.4 the test machine shall be rigid enough to prevent any deflection that would affect theaccuracy of the test.
作测试的机器应该要非常坚固，使其能够承受任何可能影响测试准确度的折损。
4.4.5 a weight equal to the load capacity is applied through dead weights or hydraulic, orpneumatic means.
应该要提供一个重量(相等於最大承载量)，运月净重的、水力的、或是空气的方法。
4.4.6 the coefficient of friction between wheel type and surface should be discounted (referto
figure 58).
轮子和表面的摩擦细数应该会打些折扣。
figure 58: rollability test apparatus滚动能力测试设备note: the apparatus shown is for illustration only.显示的设备只供说明。electrical resistance test电阻测试
this section establishes basic requirements of the testing apparatus used to conductelectrostatic measurements of wheels and casters.
this test measures the surface electrical resistance of a wheel andor caster.
以下是有关用来传导小脚轮的静电测量设备的基本需要。这个实验可以测出表面对轮子的电阻。4.5.1 the wheel shall be tested while supporting a load of 25% of its load capacity. the casterto be tested shall be rolled onto a clean, dry, flat metal plate. the metal plate and the
mounting plane (2.5.8) of the caster shall form the electrodes for the test. the resistancebetween electrodes shall be measured by any resistance measuring apparatus of asuitable range.
这个实验必须於轮子有最大载重的25%的载重下进行，并且於一个乾净、乾h、并平坦的金属表面上做测试。测试用的电及必须由金属板及小脚轮的托架产生。必须要安装一个测量电阻的仪器，以测得电极间的电阻。
wheel brake and swivel lock efficiency test轮胎的煞车及转环锁之效率测试。this section establishes the basic requirements for the apparatus used to determine theperformance of the wheel-braking and swivel-lock devices.
this test apparatus applies to casters supplied with a device that locks the rotationalmovement of the wheel, the swivel, or both the wheel and the swivel
以下是有关用於决定轮胎煞车及转环锁的表现之装置基本需求。这个实验设备适用於附有能够锁定转轮和轮胎转动的装置之小脚轮。
4.6.1 the apparatus shall provide fixtures that allow the caster to be mounted by its normalattachments.
这个设备应要提供能够使小脚轮装设於自己的正常附属物之配件。
4.6.2 the apparatus shall provide a wheel contact surface that is flat and smooth.这个设备应提供一个平坦滑顺的轮胎接触表面。
4.6.3 the apparatus shall provide a force equal to the load capacity of the casterperpendicular
to the mounting plane and the test surface.
这个设备应提供与承载重量相等的力量，且要与小脚轮的托架及测试平面垂直。
4.6.4 the apparatus shall provide the capability to attach a calibrated force gage to the casterparallel to the test surface. the maximum range of the force gage must exceed 25% of
the load capacity of the caster and have 1 lbf n), or smaller increments.这个设备应要使小脚轮能够装上一个力量测量仪，使其垂直於测试表面。这个方量测量仪需要一个最大的范围，使其拥有大於最大承载量中25%之力量，以及1lbf或更小的增加量。
4.6.5 the test apparatus must be constructed so that the horizontal force may be applied at90°increments and the friction inherent in the machine is discounted (refer to figure 59).这个设备应该要建造成能使水平力量能应用於90°增加量，以及使机器内的内在的摩擦力打折扣。
figure 59: wheel brake and swivel lock efficiency test apparatus轮胎煞车及转轮所的效率测试设备。
braking and/or locking fatigue test煞车及锁的疲劳测试。
this section establishes the basic design requirements for the apparatus used to fatiguetest braking and/or locking mechanisms for casters.
this test apparatus applies to casters supplied with a device that locks the rotationalmovement of the wheel, the swivel, or both the wheel and the swivel.
以下是有关於测试小肤l轮煞车及锁之机械装置的疲劳所需的基本设计需求。这个测试设备适用於附有能够锁定转轮和轮胎转动的装置之小脚轮。
4.7.1 the apparatus shall provide fixtures that allow the caster to be mounted by its normalattachments.
这个设备应要提供能够使小脚轮装设於自己的正常附属物之配件。
4.7.2 the apparatus must cycle the braking or locking device through its entire range ofmotion.
这个设备必须藉由它的完整的运转，使煞车及锁定仪器能够循环。
4.7.3 test apparatus will allow continuous cycling from the braking to the non-braking position(refer to figure 60).测试的仪器可以由煞车及非煞车位置不断的循环。
figure 60: braking andlor locking fatigue test apparatus煞车及锁的疲劳测试设备
note: the apparatus shown is for illustration only.显示的设备只供说明。static test静电测试
this section establishes the basic requirements of the apparatus used to conduct staticloading.
this test apparatus establishes the maximum load that can be carried and meet theminimum standards set forth, with no functional impairment to the caster.
以下是有关用於引导静电装载的设备之基本需求。这个测试设备证实了能被搬运的最大承载量，并且合乎於之前所定的最小准则，且能使小脚轮不产生任何的功能损害。
4.8.1 the apparatus shall provide fixtures that allow the caster to be mounted by its normalattachments.
这个设备应要提供能够使小脚轮装设於自己的正常附属物之配件。
4.8.2 the test surface shall be smooth steel and parallel to the mounting plane of thecaster.
测试的表面要是平滑的钢铁，且要与小脚轮的托架平面平行。
4.8.3 the apparatus shall provide a force equal to the load capacity of the casterperpendicular
to the mounting plane and the test surface. icwm recommends the use of dead weightfor dynamic testing. lf pneumatic or hydraulic loads are applied, then a normalizing factormust be used.
这个设备应提供与承载重量和等的力量，且要与小脚轮的托架及测试平面垂直。icwm排荐使用净重来做力的测试。如!果是使用空气的或是水力的装载，那就:必须使月一个标准化的因素。4.8.4 the test machine should be rigid enough to prevent any deflection that would affect theaccuracy of the test.作测试的机器应该要非常坚固，使其能够承受任何可能影响测试准确度的折损。
4.8.5refer to the appropriate dynamic test for surface speed. the minimum obstaclecrossing
speed shall be equal to the surface speed.
参照适合的力学测试来测试表面的速度。最小的障碍物跨越速度应该要等同於表面速度。4.8.6 the track configuration is optional, . linear or circular (horizontal and vertical),轨迹的结构是随意的,换言之，可以直线的或是环行的(水平或垂直)。
4.8.7a device that records cycles andor time is to be incorporated in the dynamic testmachine.
用於纪录循环及时间的装置必须和力学测试的机器结合。
note: refer to section(s)6.3.1 or for obstacle size and orientation.参照6.3.1或查询障碍物的大小及定位。
side load test测边装载测试
this section establishes the basic requirements for the apparatus used to conduct a sideloadtest on a rigid caster.
the side load is the maximum transverse force that a rigid caster can withstand beforepermanent deformation is encountered.
以下是有关於固定轮边载测试没备的基本需求。这个测边装载是要用到固定轮可承受的最大横向力量(在轮胎永久变形毁坏之前)。
4.9.1 the test apparatus shall be capable of applying a compressive load parallel to the wheelaxis and at the axle.
这个测试设备应该要能提供平行於轮轴的压缩装载。
4.9.2 the mounting fixture shall be sufficiently rigid so that its deflection, due to the loadapplied to the caster, can be ignored.
托架设备应该要非常坚固，使得装载物品对小脚轮锁造成的变形可以被忽视。
4.9.3 the load can be applied by means of dead weights or hydraulic, or pneumatic meanssuch that a successive increase in load can be applied up to the load capacity of the
caster.
这个装载物品可以用净重、水力重量、或是空气重量来产生，使其可以持续的加压以达到轮子可以承受的最大重量。
4.9.4 a recording instrument with a range up to 1" (25.4 mm) travel, and accurate to "(0.0254 mm), shall be used in conjunction with compressive force.
必须使用一个纪录的仪器可达移动距离,精准度达，来连接压缩力。asterheel - vertical lmpact test轮子的垂直冲击测试
this section establishes the basic test apparatus used to conduct a vertical impact teston casters and wheels.
this test measures the impact resistance of caster wheels.
以下是有关於轮子垂直冲击测试所使用的基本测试设备。这个测试可测出小脚轮对冲击的承受度。
4.10.1 a device that transmits force, usually measured in lbs. (n), to the test casterlwheelfrom a free-falling weight (refer to figure 61 for orientation).
使用一个能够传送力量的装置(通常使用lbs为计量单位)，以自由落体的重量，来测试轮子对冲击的承受力。
4.10.2 the apparatus can be any design that will allow a guided free-falling weight to drop onthe supported casterwheel.
这个设备可以任意设计，成为能够使一个受控制的自由落体力量掉落在被支撑的小脚轮上的设备。
4.10.3 a measuring device to determine free fall distance is to be mounted parallel to the freefall weight path (refer to figure 61 for orientation).
4.10.4 the mounting fixture must be rigid enough to prevent deflection during the impact test.
这个测试的托架配件必须要非常坚固，使其可以承受冲击测试中可能产生的弯由变形。
5 furniture chair casters - test procedure and
acceptance criteria家具椅子之小脚轮一测试过程及标准接受度this section applies to casters that will normally be used in home/office environments forchair applications only. it covers categories, dimensions, and testing procedures.
以下是关於运用於家中或是办公室内的椅子所装置的轮子。内容包含种类、尺寸及测试过程。categories种类
office furniture casters are classified into 5 categories based on wheel diameter:办公室用家具使用轮子基於直径可分为以下五种，
1.single wheel 2" (50 mm)
2.single wheel 2 " (65 mm)3. single wheel 3" (75 mm)4. dual wheel 2" (50 mm)5.dual wheel 2 " (65 mm)dimensions尺寸
minimum dimensions for office furniture casters are as follows:办公室使用小脚轮最小尺寸如下:
wheel diameter dimension轮子直径尺寸
min. wheel (single wheel)2"(50 mm) diametermax. wheel (single wheel)3" (75 mm) diametermin. wheel(dual wheel)2" (50 mm) diametermax.wheel (dual wheel) 2 "(65 mm) diameter
testing - general requirements测试之普遍的需要
the manufacturer shall be free to choose the design, raw materials, surface treatments,embellishments, and methods of manufacture used so long as the requirements of thisstandard are complied with.
制造商能够自行决定设计方式、材质选定、表面处理方式、及装饰方法。制造的方法皆须遵从这个标准法则。
5.3.1 all tests must be conducted with the same caster.所有的测试皆须使用同一个轮子。
5.3.2 all tests shall be performed at ambient temperature of 68-72° f(20-22°c).所以的测试皆须在周遭温度20-22°c下进行。
5.3.3 no caster or part of a caster shall become detached during the test. each caster shallbe
capable of carrying out its normal function at the end of the test program.
测试时，所有的零件接不可与轮子本身分离。所有的轮子在测试完成时接要能够维持正常的功能。
test procedures and acceptance criteria测试过程及标准接受度
5.4.1 must comply with american national standards institute (ansil) and business &institutional furniture manufacturers association(bifma) standards in that "no structuralbreakage or loss of serviceability" is allowed. the acceptance criteria per bifma -2000 specification state,"structural breakage or loss of serviceability shall constitutefailure. no failure shall be allowed that in any way would cause personal injury to theoccupant." dynamic test shall be performed per ansibifma - 1993 "test
procedures for durability cycling". the following test procedures shall be used:
必须迹从ansi及bifma所规范的「不可有任何的结构性破坏，或是丧失其功能性。」bifma於2000年时声明:「结构破坏及失去功能性皆会导致失败。任何可能导致人员伤亡的错误皆不允许发生。」力学测试进行时，必须逐照ansi及bifma於1993所声明的:「测试循环耐久度的过程。」下列的测试皆须遵守:
5.4.1.1 attach the chair base with casters to a cycling device as shown in figure 62. ifthe casters have hard treads (greater than or equal to 90 shore a). conduct the
test with a smooth, hard suface on the test platform. if casters have soft treads,mount three obstacles on the test platform in accordance with the layout (referto figure 62).
连接椅了的基座和小脚轮到旋转装置，如图62。如果小脚轮拥有坚硬的胎面(大於或等於90便度计)，则将实验测试於一个平滑且坚固的测试平台上。如果小脚轮拥有柔软的胎面，则必须放置三个阻碍物再测试平台上，使其与原本的设计一致。(见图62)
5.4.1.2apply a load of 300 pounds (136 kg). including the hopper (the unit that holds theweight), to the chair base. the base and casters shall be free to rotate and
swivel.
提供一个136kg的装载物，包含一个hopper (能承载重量的物品)在椅子的基座。椅子的基坐必须与椅子本身能够自由的选转。
5.4.1.3 adjust the length of stroke of the cycling device to ensure 30" (762 mm) of travel.on tests for soft tread casters, this travel shall be oriented with the obstacles
(refer to figure 62).
调整循环装置之敲击的长度到能够执行762mm的运行。如果测试的对象是软胎面的小脚轮，则这个运行必须以障碍物为目的方向。
5.4.1.4 operate the machine at a rate of 9± 1 cycles per minute. one cycle shall consistof a forward and a backward stroke of the machine. lf the casters have hard
treads, cycle the device for 100,000 cycles. if the casters have hard soft treads,cycle the device for 36,000 cycles. findings shall be recorded in accordancewith the acceptance level in ansi/bifma 18.5.1 (refer to figure 62).
将机器操作於旋转速率为9±1圈/每分钟。每一圈必须包含一个前击、一个後击。如果轮子拥有坚硬的胎面，将此机器旋转100,000次。如果轮子拥有柔软的胎面，则将机器旋转36,000次。结
the caster shall have no loss of function or serviceability and show no visible signs offracture.
将一个小脚轮牢固的架设(使用标准安装)於一个实验设备，使一个自由落体的重量能够重击轮子的脸面。如果是双轮小脚轮，两个轮子必须同时间的接受撞击。
table 1表一
drop test落下测试
diameter minimum lmpact (in-lb)直径的最小冲击single wheel 2" (50 mm) soft tread 180
single wheel 2" (50 mm)hard tread 9osingle wheel 2 " (65 mm) soft tread 180single wheel 2 " (65 mm) hard tread 110single wheel 3" (75 mm) soft tread 210single wheel 3" (75 mm)hard tread 150
dual wheel 2"(50 mm) soft and hard tread 180dual wheel 2 " (65 mm) soft and hard tread 1805.4.3 caster retention小脚轮的保持
at the conclusion of durability cycling,apply a 5 lbf (22-n) force to each caster in line withthe caster stem centerline. the caster shall not separate from the base as a result of theapplication of a 5-lbs. kgs) load. minimum pull out force shall be 5 lbf. (22-n) after
the caster has completed dynamic requirements in 5.4.1.
耐久性的测试结果:提供各一个5 lbf的力量给每个轮子的柱子中线，这个轮胎不能从底座被分开破坏。轮子接受力学测试之後，外拉的力量不得小於5 lbf。
5.4.4 conductivity test 导电率测试
the caster shall be tested while supporting a load of 25% of its load capacity. the castermounting plane (2.5.8) of the caster shall form the electrodes for the test. any resistancemeasuring apparatus of a suitable range shall measure the resistance between
electrodes. the wheel shall be rotated and measurements taken at 5 separate points ofcontact ; average these values.
minimum standards of 250,000 ohms on average of 5 readingswheel (refer to ffc-88-
这个实验必须於轮子有最大载重的25%的载重下进行。轮子的托架必须要行成测试所需要的电极。必须要安装一个测量电阻的仪器，以测得电极间的电阻。在测试过程中，轮了必须旋转，并且测量五个不同的接触点，接着再取其平均值。最小的标准值为五个轮子平均250,000 ohms.average electrical resistance shall be less than 250,000 ohms and the maximum
individual electrical resistance shall be less than 1,000,000 ohms. all conductive wheelsare to have a yellow dot permanently affixed to the wheel surface, excluding tread, toindicate conductivity.
平均的电阻应该要低於250,000 ohms，而最大的独立电阻应该要低於1,000,000 ohms。所有的导电轮必须在轮子的表面上贴上一个黄色的原点标签(踏板不需要)已表示它的导电性。
this test does not guarantee that the level of conductivity indicated during the testing willbe achieved in application.the manufacturer is not responsible for any change, eitherloss or gain in conductivity due to, but not limited to, accumulation of dirt, wax,or foreignmaterials on the wheel.
这个测试并不保证能够成功的将实验结果时限於实际运用上。制造商并不需要爲任何的改变负责，包括减少或增加导电率。但灰尘及蜡的堆积及使用外来的材料并不在限制范围内。
conformity 遵从法则
the manufacturer declares on request by a certificate of compliance that the castersconform to the requirements as stated in this document.
制造商必须使用证明书来声明其制造的轮子必须符合此文件所要求的规范。
6 furniture non-chair casters - test procedure andacceptance criteria 家具(非椅门)之小脚轮―测试过程及标准接受度this section covers casters normally used in office/home environments not associated withseating applications. lt specifies technical requirements, applicable dimensions, and testingprocedures.
这一章节是有关办公室及住家所使用的非椅子性家具所使月的小脚轮。并具体说明了技术上的需要、可应用的尺寸、及测试过程。
non-seating office-furniture casters are classified into 10 categories based on wheeldiameter:
非椅子性的办公室家具小脚给可依据轮的的直径分成下列10个种类:
1.1.18”(30 mm)2.1.57”(40 mm)3.1.77”(45 mm)4.2" (50 mm)5.2.36”(60 mm)6.2"(65 mm)7.3" (75 mm)8.4" (100 mm)9.4.72”(120 mm)10.5" (125 mm)
testing - general requirements测试之普遍的需要6.2.1 consistency一致性
all tests are completed with a new caster.全部的测试必须使用全新的小脚轮。
6.2.2 temperature温度
all tests shall be performed at ambient temperature of 68-72°f(20-22° c).所有的测试必须於局遭温度20-22°c时进行。
6.2.3 non-detachable不可分开的
no caster or part of a caster shall become detached during the test. each caster shall becapable of carrying out its normal function at the end of the test program.
the manufacturer shall be free to choose the design, raw materials,surface treatments.embellishments, and methods of manufacture used so long as the requirements of thisstandard are complied with.
测试时，所有的零件接不可与轮子本身分离。所有的轮子在测试完成时接要能够维持正常的功能。
制造商能够自行决定设计方式、材质选定、表面处理方式、及装饰方法。制造的方法皆须遵从这个标准法则。
test procedures and acceptance criteria测试过程及标准接受度6.3.1 dynamic test力学测试
the running speed will be 2.0 mph kmh).
the test apparatus shall be an endless belt or drum-type testing machine with a smoothuninterrupted running surface.
跑速须为mph。测试的设备必须为无止尽的皮带或是圆桶状的测试机器(要有光滑不受阻碍的表面)。
the test cycle shall be:run: 2 minutes minimumrest: 2 minutes maximum
the total elapsed run time shall be 20 hours minimum.测试的循环必须为:
最少两分钟的运转，及最多两分钟的休息。测试总时数不得小於20小时。
casters with wheel diameters of 2" (50mm) and greater shall also pass over a 1/8'(3.18mm) high obstacle for the duration of the test. the obstacle shall be 2" wide steel