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美国生产脚轮一些标准
发表时间:16:05:58
4 test apparatus 測試儀器this section establishes the basic design requirements for the various apparatus types used
to test casters and wheels. refer to sections 5 – 8 for the testing procedures and acceptance
criteria for specific types of casters as follows:
以下所述是關於用以測試輪子的多種設備之基本設計需要。section5-8是關於測試特殊輪子之過程及標準接受度。
section 5 – furniture chair casters 家具(椅子)用小腳輪
section 6 – furniture non-chair casters 家具(非椅子)用小腳輪
section 7 – industrial casters 工業用小腳輪
section 8 – institutional and hospital bed casters 醫療床用小腳輪
note that all recording instruments, weights, loads, gages, timing devices and measuring
devices shall be calibrated on a regular basis.
紀錄所有的器具、重量、裝載量、尺寸時，計時儀器及測量儀器都應該要使用相同的規格。
4.1 sequence of tests for all casters
initial wheel play test (4.2) 初期輪胎運轉測試
initial swivel play test (4.3) 初期轉環運轉測試
rollability test (4.4) 轉動能力測試
electrical resistance test (4.5) 電氣抵抗測試
initial wheel brake efficiency test (4.6) 初期輪胎煞車效果測試
initial swivel lock efficiency test (4.6) 初期轉環鎖定效果測試
braking and/or locking device fatigue test (4.7) 煞車及鎖定設備疲勞檢測
dynamic test (4.4) 力學測試
final wheel brake efficiency test (4.6) 最終輪胎煞車效果測試
final swivel lock efficiency test (4.7) 最終轉環鎖定效果測試
final wheel play test (4.2) 最終輪胎運轉測試
final swivel play test (4.3) 最終轉環運轉測試
static test (4.8) 靜態測試
side load test (4.9) 側邊裝載測試
caster – vertical impact test (4.10) 小腳輪垂直衝擊測試
wheels – vertical impact test (4.10) 輪胎垂直衝擊測試
4.2 wheel play test 輪子運轉測試
this section establishes the basic requirements for an apparatus to measure wheel play at
the beginning of the test sequence and at the end of the test sequence.
以下所述是關於使用設備來測量檢查輪胎運轉(開始及結束)所需要的基本設備。
4.2.1 the test fixture shall be so constructed as to rigidly fix the caster assembly in a horizontal
or vertical position.
用來測試的設備需要被設計的能夠牢固的以水平或垂直的方式固定小腳輪。
4.2.2 a suitable measuring device accurate to 0.001" (0.0254 mm), shall be clamped to the
fixture to record the amount of movement as the wheel is tilted from side to side.
於測試時，必須使用一個測量儀器(精準度0.0254mm)夾緊於被測試的輪子，用以記錄輪子傾斜的次數。
4.2.3 the measurement shall be taken at the farthest point from and parallel to the axle (refer
to figure 656.)
測試時須使用距軸最遙遠的點且須與軸平行。
figure 56: wheel play test apparatus 輪子運轉測試儀器
4.3 swivel play test 轉環運轉測試
this section establishes the basic requirements for an apparatus to measure the swivel
play at the beginning of the test sequence and at the end of the test sequence.
swivel play is the amount of vertical play between the mounting attachment and the
caster housing/rig. this measurement is converted to degrees.
以下所述是關於使用設備來測量檢查轉環運轉(開始及結束)所需要的基本設備。轉環運轉測試是有關托架及小腳輪間的垂直運轉次數。這個試驗會以不同角度作測試。
4.3.1 the apparatus consists of an amplifying bar at least 8" (200 mm) long, an indicator
accurate to 0.001" (0.0254 mm) and a securing device.
這個設備是由一支至少200mm的支架，一個精準度達0.0254mm的指示器，以及一個安全裝置。
4.3.2 the caster is to be secured such that the mounting attachment is free rotating and
horizontal.
小腳輪上的托架需要能夠自由的旋轉，並水平橫放。
4.3.3 refer to figure 57 as an example of the testing position and apparatus.
附圖57是測試的樣本。
figure 57: swivel play test apparatus 轉環運轉測試設備
4.4 rollability test 滾動能力測試
this section establishes the basic requirements for an apparatus to measure the rolling
and swiveling performance of a caster at its load capacity.
以下是關於小腳輪於承載時，其滾動及轉環運轉表現測試時的基本需要。
4.4.1 the apparatus for rolling and swiveling forces shall be constructed to accommodate one
or more swivel casters.
滾動及轉環運轉力量設備需要被設計能夠容納至少一個的小腳輪。
4.4.2 the test machine shall be constructed so that the test plane is horizontal and the
calibrated force gage shall be applied to the caster parallel to the test plane and
positioned as close to the wheel axis as possible.
用來測試的機器需要被建造使得測試平台能夠水平橫放，測定力量的標準儀器應該要使測試平面能夠平行的貼近於小腳輪上，越近越好。
4.4.3 the test surface should be smooth steel and parallel to the mounting plane of the caster.
測試的表面要是平滑的鋼鐵，且要與小腳輪的托架平面平行。
4.4.4 the test machine shall be rigid enough to prevent any deflection that would affect the
accuracy of the test.
作測試的機器應該要非常堅固，使其能夠承受任何可能影響測試準確度的折損。
4.4.5 a weight equal to the load capacity is applied through dead weights or hydraulic, or
pneumatic means.
應該要提供一個重量(相等於最大承載量)，運用淨重的、水力的、或是空氣的方法。
4.4.6 the coefficient of friction between wheel type and surface should be discounted (refer to
figure 58).
輪子和表面的摩擦細數應該會打些折扣。
figure 58: rollability test apparatus 滾動能力測試設備
note: the apparatus shown is for illustration only. 顯示的設備只供說明。
4.5 electrical resistance test 電阻測試
this section establishes basic requirements of the testing apparatus used to conduct
electrostatic measurements of wheels and casters.
this test measures the surface electrical resistance of a wheel and/or caster.
以下是有關用來傳導小腳輪的靜電測量設備的基本需要。這個實驗可以測出表面對輪子的電阻。
4.5.1 the wheel shall be tested while supporting a load of 25% of its load capacity. the caster
to be tested shall be rolled onto a clean, dry, flat metal plate. the metal plate and the
mounting plane (2.5.8) of the caster shall form the electrodes for the test. the resistance
between electrodes shall be measured by any resistance measuring apparatus of a
suitable range.
這個實驗必須於輪子有最大載重的25%的載重下進行，並且於一個乾淨、乾燥、並平坦的金屬表面上做測試。測試用的電及必須由金屬板及小腳輪的托架產生。必須要安裝一個測量電阻的儀器，以測得電極間的電阻。
4.6 wheel brake and swivel lock efficiency test 輪胎的煞車及轉環鎖之效率測試。
this section establishes the basic requirements for the apparatus used to determine the
performance of the wheel-braking and swivel-lock devices.
this test apparatus applies to casters supplied with a device that locks the rotational
movement of the wheel, the swivel, or both the wheel and the swivel.
以下是有關用於決定輪胎煞車及轉環鎖的表現之裝置基本需求。這個實驗設備適用於附有能夠鎖定轉輪和輪胎轉動的裝置之小腳輪。
4.6.1 the apparatus shall provide fixtures that allow the caster to be mounted by its normal
attachments.
這個設備應要提供能夠使小腳輪裝設於自己的正常附屬物之配件。
4.6.2 the apparatus shall provide a wheel contact surface that is flat and smooth.
這個設備應提供一個平坦滑順的輪胎接觸表面。
4.6.3 the apparatus shall provide a force equal to the load capacity of the caster perpendicular
to the mounting plane and the test surface.
這個設備應提供與承載重量相等的力量，且要與小腳輪的托架及測試平面垂直。
4.6.4 the apparatus shall provide the capability to attach a calibrated force gage to the caster
parallel to the test surface. the maximum range of the force gage must exceed 25% of
the load capacity of the caster and have 1 lbf (4.5 n), or smaller increments.這個設備應要使小腳輪能夠裝上一個力量測量儀，使其垂直於測試表面。這個力量測量儀需要一個最大的範圍，使其擁有大於最大承載量中25%之力量，以及1lbf (4.5n)或更小的增加量。
4.6.5 the test apparatus must be constructed so that the horizontal force may be applied at
90° increments and the friction inherent in the machine is discounted (refer to figure 59).
這個設備應該要建造成能使水平力量能應用於90°增加量，以及使機器內的內在的摩擦力打折扣。
figure 59: wheel brake and swivel lock efficiency test apparatus 輪胎煞車及轉輪所的效率測試設備。
4.7 braking and/or locking fatigue test 煞車及鎖的疲勞測試。
this section establishes the basic design requirements for the apparatus used to fatigue
test braking and/or locking mechanisms for casters.
this test apparatus applies to casters supplied with a device that locks the rotational
movement of the wheel, the swivel, or both the wheel and the swivel.
以下是有關於測試小腳輪煞車及鎖之機械裝置的疲勞所需的基本設計需求。這個測試設備適用於附有能夠鎖定轉輪和輪胎轉動的裝置之小腳輪。
4.7.1 the apparatus shall provide fixtures that allow the caster to be mounted by its normal
attachments.
這個設備應要提供能夠使小腳輪裝設於自己的正常附屬物之配件。
4.7.2 the apparatus must cycle the braking or locking device through its entire range of
motion.
這個設備必須藉由它的完整的運轉，使煞車及鎖定儀器能夠循環。
4.7.3 test apparatus will allow continuous cycling from the braking to the non-braking position
(refer to figure 60).測試的儀器可以由煞車及非煞車位置不斷的循環。
figure 60: braking and/or locking fatigue test apparatus煞車及鎖的疲勞測試設備
note: the apparatus shown is for illustration only. 顯示的設備只供說明。
4.8 static test 靜電測試
this section establishes the basic requirements of the apparatus used to conduct static
loading.
this test apparatus establishes the maximum load that can be carried and meet the
minimum standards set forth, with no functional impairment to the caster.
以下是有關用於引導靜電裝載的設備之基本需求。這個測試設備證實了能被搬運的最大承載量，並且合乎於之前所定的最小準則，且能使小腳輪不產生任何的功能損害。
4.8.1 the apparatus shall provide fixtures that allow the caster to be mounted by its normal
attachments.
這個設備應要提供能夠使小腳輪裝設於自己的正常附屬物之配件。
4.8.2 the test surface shall be smooth steel and parallel to the mounting plane (2.5.8) of the
caster.
測試的表面要是平滑的鋼鐵，且要與小腳輪的托架平面平行。
4.8.3 the apparatus shall provide a force equal to the load capacity of the caster perpendicular
to the mounting plane and the test surface. icwm recommends the use of dead weight
for dynamic testing. if pneumatic or hydraulic loads are applied, then a normalizing factor
must be used.
這個設備應提供與承載重量相等的力量，且要與小腳輪的托架及測試平面垂直。icwm推薦使用淨重來做力的測試。如果是使用空氣的或是水力的裝載，那就必須使用一個標準化的因素。
4.8.4 the test machine should be rigid enough to prevent any deflection that would affect the
accuracy of the test. 作測試的機器應該要非常堅固，使其能夠承受任何可能影響測試準確度的折損。
4.8.5 refer to the appropriate dynamic test for surface speed. the minimum obstacle crossing
speed shall be equal to the surface speed.
參照適合的力學測試來測試表面的速度。最小的障礙物跨越速度應該要等同於表面速度。
4.8.6 the track configuration is optional, i.e. linear or circular (horizontal and vertical).
軌跡的結構是隨意的，換言之，可以直線的或是環行的(水平或垂直)。
4.8.7 a device that records cycles and/or time is to be incorporated in the dynamic test
machine.
用於紀錄循環及時間的裝置必須和力學測試的機器結合。
note: refer to section(s) 6.3.1 or 7.8.1.1 for obstacle size and orientation.
參照6.3.1或7.8.1.1查詢障礙物的大小及定位。
4.9 side load test 測邊裝載測試
this section establishes the basic requirements for the apparatus used to conduct a sideload
test on a rigid caster.
the side load is the maximum transverse force that a rigid caster can withstand before
permanent deformation is encountered.
以下是有關於固定輪邊載測試設備的基本需求。這個測邊裝載是要用到固定輪可承受的最大橫向力量(在輪胎永久變形毀壞之前)。
4.9.1 the test apparatus shall be capable of applying a compressive load parallel to the wheel
axis and at the axle.
這個測試設備應該要能提供平行於輪軸的壓縮裝載。
4.9.2 the mounting fixture shall be sufficiently rigid so that its deflection, due to the load
applied to the caster, can be ignored.
托架設備應該要非常堅固，使得裝載物品對小腳輪鎖造成的變形可以被忽視。
4.9.3 the load can be applied by means of dead weights or hydraulic, or pneumatic means
such that a successive increase in load can be applied up to the load capacity of the
caster.
這個裝載物品可以用淨重、水力重量、或是空氣重量來產生，使其可以持續的加壓以達到輪子可以承受的最大重量。
4.9.4 a recording instrument with a range up to 1" (25.4 mm) travel, and accurate to 0.001"
(0.0254 mm), shall be used in conjunction with compressive force.
必須使用一個紀錄的儀器(25.4mm可達移動距離，精準度達0.0254mm)，來連接壓縮力。
4.10 caster/wheel – vertical impact test 輪子的垂直衝擊測試
this section establishes the basic test apparatus used to conduct a vertical impact test
on casters and wheels.
this test measures the impact resistance of caster wheels.
以下是有關於輪子垂直衝擊測試所使用的基本測試設備。這個測試可測出小pg电子游戏试玩-pg电子直营站對衝擊的承受度。
4.10.1 a device that transmits force, usually measured in lbs. (n), to the test caster/wheel from a free-falling weight (refer to figure 61 for orientation).
使用一個能夠傳送力量的裝置(通常使用lbs為計量單位)，以自由落體的重量，來測試輪子對衝擊的承受力。
4.10.2 the apparatus can be any design that will allow a guided free-falling weight to drop on
the supported caster/wheel.
這個設備可以任意設計，成為能夠使一個受控制的自由落體力量掉落在被支撐的小腳輪上的設備。
4.10.3 a measuring device to determine free fall distance is to be mounted parallel to the free
fall weight path (refer to figure 61 for orientation).
必須裝置一個測量裝置可以決定自由落體的距離，以平行的方式裝置於自由落體的路徑上。
4.10.4 the mounting fixture must be rigid enough to prevent deflection during the impact test.
這個測試的托架配件必須要非常堅固，使其可以承受衝擊測試中可能產生的彎曲變形。
5 furniture chair casters – test procedure and acceptance criteria 家具椅子之小腳輪－測試過程及標準接受度
this section applies to casters that will normally be used in home/office environments for
chair applications only. it covers categories, dimensions, and testing procedures.
以下是關於運用於家中或是辦公室內的椅子所裝置的輪子。內容包含種類、尺寸及測試過程。
5.1 categories 種類
office furniture casters are classified into 5 categories based on wheel diameter:
辦公室用家具使用輪子基於直徑可分為以下五種，
1. single wheel 2" (50 mm)
2. single wheel 2 ½" (65 mm)
3. single wheel 3" (75 mm)
4. dual wheel 2" (50 mm)
5. dual wheel 2 ½" (65 mm)
5.2 dimensions 尺寸
minimum dimensions for office furniture casters are as follows:
辦公室使用小腳輪最小尺寸如下:
wheel diameter dimension輪子直徑尺寸
min. wheel (single wheel) 2" (50 mm) diameter
max. wheel (single wheel) 3" (75 mm) diameter
min. wheel (dual wheel) 2" (50 mm) diameter
max. wheel (dual wheel) 2 ½" (65 mm) diameter
5.3 testing – general requirements 測試之普遍的需要
the manufacturer shall be free to choose the design, raw materials, surface treatments,
embellishments, and methods of manufacture used so long as the requirements of this
standard are complied with.
製造商能夠自行決定設計方式、材質選定、表面處理方式、及裝飾方法。製造的方法皆須遵從這個標準法則。
5.3.1 all tests must be conducted with the same caster.
所有的測試皆須使用同一個輪子。
5.3.2 all tests shall be performed at ambient temperature of 68-72°f (20-22°c).
所以的測試皆須在週遭溫度20-22°c下進行。
5.3.3 no caster or part of a caster shall become detached during the test. each caster shall be
capable of carrying out its normal function at the end of the test program.
測試時，所有的零件接不可與輪子本身分離。所有的輪子在測試完成時接要能夠維持正常的功能。
5.4 test procedures and acceptance criteria 測試過程及標準接受度
5.4.1 must comply with american national standards institute (ansi) and business &
institutional furniture manufacturers association (bifma) standards in that "no structural
breakage or loss of serviceability" is allowed. the acceptance criteria per bifma 5.1 –
2000 specification state, "structural breakage or loss of serviceability shall constitute
failure. no failure shall be allowed that in any way would cause personal injury to the
occupant." dynamic test shall be performed per ansi/bifma x5.1 – 1993 18.3 "test
procedures for durability cycling". the following test procedures shall be used:
必須遵從ansi及bifma所規範的「不可有任何的結構性破壞，或是喪失其功能性。」bifma於2000年時聲明：「結構破壞及失去功能性皆會導致失敗。任何可能導致人員傷亡的錯誤皆不允許發生。」力學測試進行時，必須遵照ansi及bifma於1993所聲明的:「測試循環耐久度的過程。」下列的測試皆須遵守:
5.4.1.1 attach the chair base with casters to a cycling device as shown in figure 62. if
the casters have hard treads (greater than or equal to 90 shore a), conduct the
test with a smooth, hard surface on the test platform. if casters have soft treads,
mount three obstacles on the test platform in accordance with the layout (refer
to figure 62).
連接椅子的基座和小腳輪到旋轉裝置，如圖62。如果小腳輪擁有堅硬的胎面(大於或等於90硬度計)，則將實驗測試於一個平滑且堅固的測試平台上。如果小腳輪擁有柔軟的胎面，則必須放置三個阻礙物再測試平台上，使其與原本的設計一致。(見圖62)
5.4.1.2 apply a load of 300 pounds (136 kg), including the hopper (the unit that holds the
weight), to the chair base. the base and casters shall be free to rotate and
swivel.
提供一個136kg的裝載物，包含一個hopper (能承載重量的物品)在椅子的基座。椅子的基坐必須與椅子本身能夠自由的選轉。
5.4.1.3 adjust the length of stroke of the cycling device to ensure 30" (762 mm) of travel.
on tests for soft tread casters, this travel shall be oriented with the obstacles
(refer to figure 62).
調整循環裝置之敲擊的長度到能夠執行762mm的運行。如果測試的對象是軟胎面的小腳輪，則這個運行必須以障礙物為目的方向。
5.4.1.4 operate the machine at a rate of 9 ± 1 cycles per minute. one cycle shall consist
of a forward and a backward stroke of the machine. if the casters have hard
treads, cycle the device for 100,000 cycles. if the casters have hard soft treads,
cycle the device for 36,000 cycles. findings shall be recorded in accordance
with the acceptance level in ansi/bifma 18.5.1 (refer to figure 62).
將機器操作於旋轉速率為9 ± 1圈/每分鐘。每一圈必須包含一個前擊、一個後擊。如果輪子擁有堅硬的胎面，將此機器旋轉100,000次。如果輪子擁有柔軟的胎面，則將機器旋轉36,000次。結果必須要以一致的方式紀錄，並且是要ansi及bifma能夠接受的等級。
figure 62: dynamic test apparatus for furniture chair casters 家具椅子所用之輪圈坐力學測試時所使用的設備。
mounting hole: 17.5” (445mm)
stroke length: 17” (432mm) 12” (305mm) 8.25” (210mm) 30” (762mm) 5” (127mm) 10” (254mm) 12”
(305mm) 2” (51mm)
0.12” (3mm) r.012” (3mm)
load: 300 lb (136 kg)
5.4.2 vertical impact test 垂直衝擊測試
a caster is rigidly mounted by its normal attachment to a test fixture such that a freefalling
weight is allowed to strike the tread of the wheel(s). in the case of a twin wheel
caster, both wheels should be struck simultaneously.
evaluate minimum standards for vertical impact strength, in-lbs. or n-m.
the caster shall have no loss of function or serviceability and show no visible signs of
fracture.
將一個小腳輪牢固的架設(使用標準安裝)於一個實驗設備，使一個自由落體的重量能夠重擊輪子的胎面。如果是雙輪小腳輪，兩個輪子必須同時間的接受撞擊。
table 1 表一
drop test 落下測試
diameter minimum impact (in-lb) 直徑的最小衝擊
single wheel 2" (50 mm) soft tread 180
single wheel 2" (50 mm) hard tread 90
single wheel 2 ½" (65 mm) soft tread 180
single wheel 2 ½" (65 mm) hard tread 110
single wheel 3" (75 mm) soft tread 210
single wheel 3" (75 mm) hard tread 150
dual wheel 2" (50 mm) soft and hard tread 180
dual wheel 2 ½" (65 mm) soft and hard tread 180
5.4.3 caster retention 小腳輪的保持
at the conclusion of durability cycling, apply a 5 lbf (22-n) force to each caster in line with
the caster stem centerline. the caster shall not separate from the base as a result of the
application of a 5-lbs. (2.3 kgs) load. minimum pull out force shall be 5 lbf. (22-n) after
the caster has completed dynamic requirements in 5.4.1.
耐久性的測試結果：提供各一個5 lbf的力量給每個輪子的柱子中線，這個輪胎不能從底座被分開破壞。輪子接受力學測試之後，外拉的力量不得小於5 lbf。
5.4.4 conductivity test 導電率測試
the caster shall be tested while supporting a load of 25% of its load capacity. the caster
mounting plane (2.5.8) of the caster shall form the electrodes for the test. any resistance
measuring apparatus of a suitable range shall measure the resistance between
electrodes. the wheel shall be rotated and measurements taken at 5 separate points of
contact; average these values.
minimum standards of 250,000 ohms on average of 5 readings/wheel (refer to ffc-88-
c).
這個實驗必須於輪子有最大載重的25%的載重下進行。輪子的托架必須要行成測試所需要的電極。必須要安裝一個測量電阻的儀器，以測得電極間的電阻。在測試過程中，輪子必須旋轉，並且測量五個不同的接觸點，接著再取其平均值。最小的標準值為五個輪子平均250,000 ohms。
average electrical resistance shall be less than 250,000 ohms and the maximum
individual electrical resistance shall be less than 1,000,000 ohms. all conductive wheels
are to have a yellow dot permanently affixed to the wheel surface, excluding tread, to
indicate conductivity.
平均的電阻應該要低於250,000 ohms，而最大的獨立電阻應該要低於1,000,000 ohms。所有的導電輪必須在輪子的表面上貼上一個黃色的原點標籤(踏板不需要)已表示它的導電性。
this test does not guarantee that the level of conductivity indicated during the testing will
be achieved in application. the manufacturer is not responsible for any change, either
loss or gain in conductivity due to, but not limited to, accumulation of dirt, wax, or foreign
materials on the wheel.
這個測試並不保證能夠成功的將實驗結果時限於實際運用上。製造商並不需要爲任何的改變負責，包括減少或增加導電率。但灰塵及蠟的堆積及使用外來的材料並不在限制範圍內。
5.5 conformity 遵從法則
the manufacturer declares on request by a certificate of compliance that the casters
conform to the requirements as stated in this document.
製造商必須使用證明書來聲明其製造的輪子必須符合此文件所要求的規範。
6 furniture non-chair casters – test procedure and
acceptance criteria 家具(非椅子)之小腳輪－測試過程及標準接受度
this section covers casters normally used in office/home environments not associated with
seating applications. it specifies technical requirements, applicable dimensions, and testing
procedures.
這一章節是有關辦公室及住家所使用的非椅子性家具所使用的小腳輪。並具體說明了技術上的需要、可應用的尺寸、及測試過程。
6.1 non-seating office-furniture casters are classified into 10 categories based on wheel
diameter:
非椅子性的辦公室家具小腳輪可依據輪的的直徑分成下列10個種類：
1. 1.18” (30 mm)
2. 1.57” (40 mm)
3. 1.77” (45 mm)
4. 2" (50 mm)
5. 2.36” (60 mm)
6. 2 ½" (65 mm)
7. 3" (75 mm)
8. 4" (100 mm)
9. 4.72” (120 mm)
10. 5" (125 mm)
6.2 testing – general requirements 測試之普遍的需要
6.2.1 consistency 一致性
all tests are completed with a new caster.
全部的測試必須使用全新的小腳輪。
6.2.2 temperature 溫度
all tests shall be performed at ambient temperature of 68-72°f (20-22°c).
所有的測試必須於週遭溫度20-22°c時進行。
6.2.3 non-detachable 不可分開的
no caster or part of a caster shall become detached during the test. each caster shall be
capable of carrying out its normal function at the end of the test program.
the manufacturer shall be free to choose the design, raw materials, surface treatments,
embellishments, and methods of manufacture used so long as the requirements of this
standard are complied with.
測試時，所有的零件接不可與輪子本身分離。所有的輪子在測試完成時接要能夠維持正常的功能。
製造商能夠自行決定設計方式、材質選定、表面處理方式、及裝飾方法。製造的方法皆須遵從這個標準法則。
6.3 test procedures and acceptance criteria 測試過程及標準接受度
6.3.1 dynamic test 力學測試
the running speed will be 2.0 mph (3.2 kmh).
the test apparatus shall be an endless belt or drum-type testing machine with a smooth
uninterrupted running surface.
跑速須為2.0 mph。測試的設備必須為無止盡的皮帶或是圓桶狀的測試機器(要有光滑不受阻礙的表面)。
the test cycle shall be:
run: 2 minutes minimum
rest: 2 minutes maximum
the total elapsed run time shall be 20 hours minimum.
測試的循環必須為：
最少兩分鐘的運轉，及最多兩分鐘的休息。測試總時數不得小於20小時。
casters with wheel diameters of 2" (50mm) and greater shall also pass over a 1/8"
(3.18mm) high obstacle for the duration of the test. the obstacle shall be 2" wide steel
with a chamfer 45° by one-half the obstacle height on running edges.
在測試中，若輪子的直徑大於或等於50mm，應該要能夠穿越一個3.18mm高的障礙物。這個障礙物必須為50mm寬的鋼鐵製品，並且在一半高度的邊緣上要有一個45°的凹槽。
must comply with american national standards institute (ansi) and business &
institutional furniture manufacturers association (bifma) standards in the "no structural
breakage or loss of serviceability" is allowed. at the end of the test, the caster shall be
examined to determine conformance with 6.3.1 (no loss of function and/or serviceability).
必須遵從ansi及bifma所規範的「不可有任何的結構性破壞，或是喪失其功能性。」在實驗結束時，輪子必須要檢查其完整性(不可有功能性的損壞)。
6.3.2 vertical impact test 垂直衝擊測試
the caster is rigidly mounted by its normal attachment upside down in a test fixture such
that a free-falling weight can impact the tread perpendicular to the axis of the wheel.
the minimum vertical impact energy shall be equivalent to the load capacity of the wheel
dropped 2" (50 mm).
evaluate minimum standards for vertical impact strength, in-lbs. or n-m.
there shall be no functional impairment of the caster.
將一個小腳輪牢固的架設(使用標準安裝)於一個實驗設備，使一個自由落體的重量能夠垂直的重擊輪子的胎面到輪軸。最小的垂直衝擊能量必須要等同於輪子落下50mm的承載量。預估垂直衝擊的最小標準力量(用lbs或n-m為單位)。不能對輪子造成任何的功能性的損壞。
6.3.3 static load test 靜電裝載測試
a compressive load, equal to 4 times the load capacity of the individual caster shall be
applied through the mounting plane (2.5.8) for a period of 1 minute.
將一個相當於四倍承載量的壓縮重量裝載到一個單一輪子的托架上，並維持一分鐘。
examine the caster for damage or permanent deformation.
檢查小腳輪有無損壞或永久性的毀壞。
evaluate the minimum factor of safety without causing permanent deformation that
impairs the function of the caster.
估出在對輪子造成永久性的損壞前，造成輪子功能削減的最小因素。
there shall be no functional impairment of the caster.
不可以使輪子產生功能性的損壞。
6.3.4 conductivity tests (if applicable) 導電性測試
this test does not guarantee that the level of conductivity indicated during the testing will
be achieved in application. the manufacturer is not responsible for any change, either
loss or gain in conductivity due to, but not limited to, accumulation of dirt, wax, or foreign
materials on the wheel.
這個測試並不保證能夠成功的將實驗結果時限於實際運用上。製造商並不需要爲任何的改變負責，包括減少或增加導電率。但灰塵及蠟的堆積及外來的材料並不在限制範圍內。
6.3.4.1 the caster shall be tested while supporting a load of 25% of its load capacity.
the caster to be tested shall be rolled onto a clean, dry, flat metal plate. the
metal plate and the mounting plane (2.5.8) of the caster shall form the electrodes
for the test. the resistance between electrodes shall be measured by any
resistance measuring apparatus of a suitable range. the wheel shall be rotated
and measurements taken at 5 separate points of contact; average the values.
這個實驗必須於輪子有最大載重的25%的載重下進行，並且於一個乾淨、乾燥、並平坦的金屬表面上做測試。測試用的電及必須由金屬板及小腳輪的托架產生。必須要安裝一個測量電阻的儀器，以測得電極間的電阻。在測試過程中，輪子必須旋轉，並且測量五個不同的接觸點，接著再取其平均值。
6.3.4.2 conductive less than 105 ohms. all conductive wheels are to have a yellow dot
permanently affixed to the wheel surface, excluding tread, to indicate
conductivity.
導電性少於十的五次方ohms。所有導電性輪子必須在輪表面(胎面不用)貼上黃色小點,以表示它的導電性。
6.3.4.3 static dissipative less than 107 ohms and more than 105 ohms.
靜電分散高於十的五次方ohms，且小於十的七次方ohms。
6.3.4.4 insulative shall be greater than 107 ohms.
絕緣體必須能夠杜絕大於十的七次方ohms的電量。
6.3.4.5 electrical resistance (if applicable) 電阻測試
to establish procedure for testing and identifying electrostatic wheels/casters.
建立測試的過程及鑑定靜電小腳輪。
7 industrial casters – test procedures and acceptance
criteria 工業用小腳輪－測試過程及標準接受度
7.1 wheel play test 輪子運轉測試
the objective of this test is to determine the initial wheel play (at the beginning of the test
sequence) and the final wheel play (at the end of the test sequence).
這個測試的目的是要測試輪子一開始的運轉及最終的運轉。
7.1.1 test procedure 測試過程
7.1.1.1 the measurements shall be taken with the wheel, bearing, and axle assembled
in the fork.
測試的輪子必須含有軸承及軸裝配在托架上。
7.1.1.2 the fork (2.5.7) of the caster shall be rigidly fixed in a vertical position to ensure
that the fork width is maintained and movement of wheel is not impaired.
輪子的托架必須要穩固的垂直裝設。這樣一來，腳架的寬度才可以保持不變，輪子的運轉才不會受損。
7.1.1.3 the wheel shall then be manually tilted to one side then the opposite side, and
the total movement measured (refer to figure 63).
在來必須將輪子以手動的方式坐傾斜，由一邊至另一邊，並將移動距離做測量。
7.1.1.4 the wheel play shall not include any side movement of the wheel on the axle.
輪子的運轉不可包含輪子在軸上的任何側邊移動。
7.1.1.5 the wheel play value shall be expressed in degrees.
輪子運轉的數值必須以度數來表示。
figure 63: wheel play 輪子的運轉
7.1.2 acceptance criteria 標準的接受度
7.1.2.1 the measured initial wheel play shall not exceed 3.5°.
輪子一開始運轉所測量得到的數值不可超過3.5°。
7.1.2.2 the measured final wheel play shall not exceed 6.5°.
輪子最終運轉所測量得到的數值不可超過6.5°。
7.2 swivel play test 轉環運轉測試
the objective of this test is to determine the initial swivel play (at the beginning of test
sequence) and the final swivel play (at the end of the test sequence).
這個測試的目的是要測試轉環一開始的運轉及最終的運轉。
7.2.1 test procedure 測試過程
7.2.1.1 the measurements shall be taken with the wheel, bearing, and axle assembled
in the fork (2.5.7).
測試的輪子必須含有軸承及軸裝配在托架上。
7.2.1.2 the fork (2.5.7) of the caster shall be rigidly fixed in a vertical position to ensure
that the fork width is maintained and movement of swivel is not impaired.
輪子的托架必須要穩固的垂直裝設。這樣一來，腳架的寬度才可以保持不變，轉環的運轉才不會受損。
7.2.1.3 place alignment marks on the fixed and swiveling parts of the caster.
於小腳輪的固定轉環上貼一排標示點。
7.2.1.4 the amplifying bar shall be rigidly attached to the mounting plane (2.5.8), pass
through the swivel axis, and for top plate (2.5.9) casters, be parallel to the
direction of travel.
支撐的條柱必須要牢固的緊貼於托架，並穿過轉環的軸。而小腳輪則必須平行於運行的方向。
7.2.1.5 measure swivel play by moving the amplifying bar in a vertical plane first to the
limit of swivel play in one direction and then to the limit of swivel play in the
opposite direction (refer to figure 64).
將支撐的條柱於一個垂直的平台上移動，將其移動至轉環運轉極限的一邊，接著再將其移動至相反的另一邊極限。由此可測出轉環的運轉。
7.2.1.6 record the vertical distance between swivel play extremes at a point on the
amplifying bar at least 8" (200 mm) from the axis and convert to an angle in
degrees.
紀錄下轉環運轉極限，由支撐條柱到軸至少200mm的距離，接著在將其數值轉換成角度。
7.2.1.7 make two measurements each at 90° of swivel rotation from the other. the
larger of the two values shall be taken.
將兩個轉環運轉於90°時分別做測試，取較大的一個數值作為依據。
figure 64: swivel play 轉環運轉
7.2.2 acceptance criteria 標準接受度
7.2.2.1 the measured initial swivel play shall not exceed 3° except for light duty casters.
一開始對轉環運轉的測量不可以超過3°，除非是輕型的小腳輪。
7.2.2.2 the measured final swivel play shall not exceed 6° except for light duty casters.
對轉環運轉的最終測量不可以超過6°，除非是輕型的小腳輪。
7.2.2.3 the measured initial swivel play for light duty casters shall not exceed 6°.
對輕型小腳輪一開始的轉環運轉測量不可以超過6°。
7.2.2.4 the measured final swivel play for light duty casters shall not exceed 12°.
對輕型小腳輪的最終轉環運轉測量不可以超過12°。
7.3 rollability test 滾動能力測試
the objective of this test is to evaluate the rolling and swiveling performance of a caster
at the load capacity. the swiveling portion of this test does not apply to rigid casters.
這個測試的目的是測試在裝載下，小腳輪的滾動及轉動表現。在這個測試中，轉動的部分並不適用於固定輪。
7.3.1 test procedure 測試過程
7.3.1.1 secure the caster(s) to the test fixture.
將小腳輪鎖緊於測試儀器。
7.3.1.2 apply the load to the test fixture so it is centered over and supported by the
caster(s).
提供測試儀器一個裝載物，使其位於中心並且可以被小腳輪支撐著。
7.3.1.3 attach a measuring device to the test fixture to indicate the force required to
move the caster(s).
安裝一個測量裝置於測試儀器上，使其可以指示出移動輪子所需要的力量。
7.3.1.4 orient the caster(s) so that the wheel(s) are aligned with the direction of travel.
訂定小腳輪的方向，使其於運行時可以維持一個直線。
7.3.1.5 apply a gradual force to the fixture in line with the direction of travel while
watching the wheel(s) of the caster(s) for rotational movement. record the peak
force (start-rolling force) required to begin rotation of the caster(s) wheel(s).
於輪子在做轉動時，於其運行的方向一直線上，對儀器施加一個漸強的力量，並紀錄下可以使輪子開始轉動的最小力量。
7.3.1.6 continue applying force until the caster(s) rolls freely and the measured reading
stabilizes. read the measuring device and record the force (keep-rolling force)
required to maintain the movement of the caster(s).
持續供給小腳輪力量，直到小腳輪開始順利的轉動，且測量到的讀數穩定。將測量到的可以使輪子持續運轉的力量做記錄。
7.3.1.7 repeat "test procedure" steps 7.3.1.3 through 7.3.1.6 for a minimum of three
trials, averaging the results.
將7.3.1.3到7.3.1.6的測試過程做至少三次的測驗，並取其平均值。
7.3.1.8 orient the caster(s) so that the wheel(s) are perpendicular to the direction of
travel.
將輪胎訂定方向，使其可以與運行的方向垂直。
7.3.1.9 apply gradual force to the fixture in line with the direction of travel. record the
peak force (swivel force) as the caster(s) swivels to align with the direction of
travel.
於其運行的方向一直線上，對儀器施加一個漸強的力量，並紀錄下可以使輪子運行時可以維持一個直線的旋轉力量。
7.3.1.10 repeat "test procedure" steps 7.3.1.8 and 7.3.1.9 for a minimum of three trials,
averaging the results.
將7.3.1.8及7.3.1.9的測試過程做至少三次的測驗，並取其平均值。
7.3.2 acceptance criteria 標準接受度
7.3.2.1 caster must roll and swivel smoothly.
小腳輪必須要能夠平順的滾動及轉動。
7.3.2.2 actual values for the rolling and swivel forces are application specific and can be determined by the customer and the caster supplier.
滾動及轉動的實際力量是被特定運用的，並且可以被消費者及供應商決定其大小。
7.4 electrical resistance test 電阻測試
the objective of this test is to establish procedures for testing and identifying electrostatically
conductive wheels and casters and to establish the maximum surface electrical
resistance of a wheel and/or caster.
這個測試的目的是在確立實驗過程，並且鑑定出導電輪，接著在找出輪子表面的最大電阻。
7.4.1 test procedure 測試過程
7.4.1.1 the tread surfaces shall be cleaned and dried by any method that removes wax
and dirt, but does not alter the tread surface.
踏板的表面必須要是乾淨的、乾燥的。可以用任何不破壞表面的方法來清理胎面上的蠟以及髒汙。
7.4.1.2 the test room shall have a mean temperature of 68-72°f (20-22°c) and a
relative humidity of less than 80%.
進行測試的房間必須要維持20-22°c，且相對溼度要低於80%。
7.4.1.3 the caster being tested must be maintained under these conditions for a
minimum of 24 hours prior to the test.
在作測試前，小腳輪必須置放在上述的環境中至少24小時。
7.4.1.4 the wheel shall be tested while supporting a load of 25% of its load capacity.
the caster to be tested shall be rolled onto a clean, dry, flat metal plate. the
metal plate and the mounting plane (2.5.8) of the caster shall form the electrodes
for the test. the resistance between electrodes shall be measured by any
resistance measuring apparatus of a suitable range. the wheel shall be rotated
and measurements taken at 5 separate points of contact, averaging the values.
這個實驗必須於輪子有最大載重的25%的載重下進行，並且於一個乾淨、乾燥、並平坦的金屬表面上做測試。測試用的電及必須由金屬板及小腳輪的托架產生。必須要安裝一個測量電阻的儀器，以測得電極間的電阻。在測試過程中，輪子必須旋轉，並且測量五個不同的接觸點，接著再取其平均值。
7.4.2 acceptance criteria 標準接受度
electrical resistance categories are defined below:
電阻分類為以下數種：
7.4.2.1 conductive less than 105 ohms. all conductive wheels are to have a yellow dot
permanently affixed to the wheel surface, excluding tread, to indicate
conductivity.
導電性低於十的五次方ohms。所有導電性輪子必須在輪表面和踏板貼上黃色小點,以表示它的導電性。
7.4.2.2 static dissipative less than 107 ohms and more than 105 ohms.
靜電分散高於十的五次方ohms，且小於十的七次方ohms。
7.4.2.3 insulation shall be greater than 107 ohms.
絕緣體必須能夠杜絕大於十的七次方ohms的電量。
7.4.3 this test does not guarantee that the level of conductivity indicated during the testing will
be achieved in application. the manufacturer is not responsible for any change, either
loss or gain in conductivity due to, but not limited to, accumulation of dirt, wax, or foreign
materials on the wheel.
這個測試並不保證能夠成功的將實驗結果時限於實際運用上。製造商並不需要爲任何的改變負責，包括減少或增加導電率。但灰塵及蠟的堆積及外來的材料並不在限制範圍內。
7.5 wheel brake efficiency test 輪子煞車效果測試
the objective of this test is to determine the performance of a wheel-braking device.
the brake designs will be tested per the following criteria: tread compression (a braking
device that applies a friction force to the tread); hub compression (a braking device that
applies a friction force to the hub); positive locking (a braking device that incorporates
interlocking features).
這個測試的目的是要測驗輪子煞車系統的功效。這個測試使用以下的幾種標準來做測試：胎面壓縮(一個可以提供胎面摩擦力的煞車裝置)；軸長壓縮(一個可以提供軸摩擦力的煞車裝置)；正向鎖(一個包含連鎖裝置的煞車系統)。
7.5.1 test procedure 測試過程
7.5.1.1 place the caster on a horizontal surface free from visible dirt.
將小腳輪放置於一個沒有灰塵的水平面上。
7.5.1.2 apply a load equal to the load capacity of the caster to the mounting plane
(2.5.8).
於小腳輪的托架上提供一個相同於裝載量的重量。
7.5.1.3 perform the rollability test. note the start-rolling force.
進行滾動能力測試，並紀錄能使輪子開始滾動的最小力量。
7.5.1.4 engage the brake.
踩下煞車。
7.5.1.5 gradually apply the horizontal force (refer to table 2) plus the start-rolling force
from the rollability test in line with the running direction of the wheel.
漸漸的施加一個水平的力量，並與一開始做滾動能力測試的滾動力量結合，共同施加於與輪子滾動同方向的一直線上。
7.5.1.6 maintain the horizontal force for 10 seconds. if during application of the horizontal force the wheel slides, change the surface to a material with a higher coefficient of friction and repeat the test.
將水平的力量維持十秒鐘。若於施加水平力量的期間，輪子產生滑動，則必須更換更高摩擦係數的表面的材質，並重複的做測試。
7.5.1.7 repeat test procedure steps 7.5.1.4, 7.5.1.5, and 7.5.1.6 applying the horizontal
force in the opposite direction. with the brake engaged and applying the
horizontal force, the wheel must not roll.
將實驗步驟7.5.1.4,、7.5.1.5和 7.5.1.6重複一遍，但將水平施力方向改變成相反方向。同樣的，於水平力量施加時採下煞車，輪子亦不能滾動。
7.5.2 acceptance criteria 標準接受度
table 2
minimum brake holding force
brake design % of load capacity
tread compression 7%
hub compression 4%
positive locking 20%
note: data for table 3 based on polyurethane wheels (consult manufacturer on data on
other tread materials).
7.6 braking and/or locking device fatigue test 煞車及鎖定裝置的疲勞測試
this test is to determine if there is any wear and/or permanent deformation that would
adversely affect the performance of a braking and/or locking device.
this test is not applicable to braking and/or locking devices based on a threaded
mechanism.
這個測試的目的是要測出任何的磨損及永久性的變形有沒有可能對輪子的煞車及鎖定造成不利的影響。這個測試並不能應用於螺紋的煞車及鎖定機械裝置。
7.6.1 test procedure 測試過程
7.6.1.1 install the brake and/or locking device into an apparatus that cycles the actuating
mechanism through a full "on" and "off" cycle.
將煞車及鎖定裝置安裝於一個儀器內，使其經歷一個完整的”on”跟”off”的程序。
7.6.1.2 brake holding power shall be checked before and after the fatigue test (refer to
wheel brake efficiency test).
疲勞測試結束時，煞車的裝置力量必須要做測試(根據輪子煞車效果測試)。
7.6.2 acceptance criteria 標準接受度
5,000 locking actions performed with no permanent deformation occurring that would
adversely affect the performance of the locking device.
5000個鎖定的動作於不造成永久性損壞的情況下產生，會對鎖定系統造成一些不利的影響。
7.7 static test 靜電測試
the objective of this test is to determine a minimum factor of safety and to determine the
load that the caster can support without causing permanent deformation that would
impair the function of the caster.
這個測試的目的是在測試安全所需的最小要素，並且決定小腳輪的最大承載量(在輪子永久變形且影響輪子的功能前)。
7.7.1 test procedure 測試過程
7.8.1.1 apply a compressive load equal to 4 times the load capacity of the individual
caster through the mounting plane (2.5.8) for a period of 1 minute.
將一個相當於四倍承載量的壓縮重量裝載到一個單一輪子的托架上，並維持一分鐘。
7.8.1.2 examine the caster for damage or permanent deformation.
檢查小腳輪是否有任何的損壞或永久性的變形。
7.7.2 acceptance criteria 標準接受度
the swivel and wheel bearings shall rotate freely and the parts shall be free from defects,
which would impair caster function.
輪子及轉環的軸必須要能夠自由的旋轉，且其零件必須要完整，使其不會有任何功能上的損失。
7.8 dynamic test 力學測試
7.8.1 dynamic test – industrial casters at or under 2.5 mph 力學測試－工業用小腳輪時速為每小時等於或低於2.5英哩。
the objective of this test is to establish operational load capacity for industrial casters at
or under 2.5 mph and to establish the maximum load that can be carried during operation
and pass the following test procedure with no functional impairment to the caster.
這個測試的目的是要測出當工業用小腳輪時速每小時等於或低於2.5英哩時，其可承受的最大承載量。以及測試出當操作時，能夠使輪胎保持完整不損壞情況下的最大承載量。
7.8.1.1 test procedure 測試過程
7.8.1.1.1 the running speed will be 2.0 mph (3.2 km/hr).
運轉的時速為每小時2.0英哩。
7.8.1.1.2 the obstacle height shall be:
障礙物的高度必須為：
1/8" (3.2 mm) for wheels up to and including 6" (150 mm) in
diameter.
3/16" (4.8 mm) for wheels greater than 6" (150 mm) in diameter.
7.8.1.1.3 the number of obstacles for a plate mount will be 10,000.
托架板測試障礙物的數量必須為10,000個。
7.8.1.1.4 the number of obstacles for a stem mount will be 500.
托架桿測試障礙物的數量必須為500個。
7.8.1.1.5 remove the obstacles after 500 crossings and continue the test.
測試進行500個次之後，將障礙物移除，再繼續測試。
note: to calculate the total test time (t in hours), use t = 2.98 times the test drum or table
diameter (in feet).
進行總時間統計時，將t的數值以2.98計算，乘以測試轉輪或桌子的直徑。
7.8.1.1.6 the test cycle shall be:
測試的循環必須為：
run: 2 minutes minimum
運轉時間最短必須為兩分鐘。
rest: 2 minutes maximum
休息時間最長只能為兩分鐘。
7.8.1.1.7 the obstacle orientation to caster travel for circular track, vertical
position shall be alternately; perpendicular, 45° to the right, and
45° to the left.
障礙物的定向使小腳輪能夠環行的滾動，且垂直角度必須交替，以45°左右交替。
7.8.1.1.8 the obstacle orientation to caster travel for linear track and
circular track (horizontal position) shall be 90°.
障礙物的定向到小腳輪的直線移動及環行移動(水平位置)須為90°。
7.8.1.1.9 the obstacle shall be 2" (50mm) wide steel with a chamfer 45°
by one-half the obstacle height on the running edges.
障礙物必須為50mm寬的鋼鐵製品，並且在一半高度的邊緣上要有一個45°的凹槽。
7.8.1.1.10 there shall be reverse travel direction at the start of each cycle
except circular track vertical position.
每個循環開始時，都要改變方向，除了垂直位置的環型軌跡。
7.8.1.1.11 the allowable track configurations are linear track, circular track
(horizontal position), and circular track (vertical position).
可允許的軌跡配置為直線軌跡、環型軌跡(水平位置)、及環型軌跡(垂直位置)。
7.8.1.2 acceptance criteria 標準接受度
the swivel and wheel bearing shall rotate freely and the parts shall be free from
defects which can impair caster function.
輪子及轉環的軸必須要能夠自由的旋轉，且其零件必須要完整，使其不會有任何功能上的損失。
7.8.2 dynamic test – industrial caster over 2.5 mph 力學測試－工業用小腳輪時速超過每小時2.5英哩
the objective of this test is to establish operational load capacity for industrial casters
over 2.5 mph and to establish the maximum load that can be carried and pass the
following test procedure with no functional impairment to the caster.
這個測試的目的是要測出當工業用小腳輪時速每小時超過2.5英哩時，其可承受的最大承載量。以及測試出當操作時，能夠使輪胎保持完整不損壞情況下的最大承載量。
7.8.2.1 test procedure 測試過程
7.8.2.1.1 the running speed and distance between obstacles shall be one
of the three following configurations based on the caster application.
障礙物間的跑速跟距離應為以下三種的其中一種。
running speeds
3.75 mph 6.25 mph 10.00 mph
(6 km/hr) (10 km/hr) (16 km/hr)
distances between obstacles
3＇ (1 m) 4.5＇ (1.5 m) 9＇ (3.0 m)
7.8.2.1.2 the obstacle height shall be:
障礙物的高度應為：
1/8" (3.2 mm) for wheels up to and including 6" (150 mm) in diameter.
3/16"(4.8mm) for wheels greater than 6" (150 mm) in diameter.
7.8.2.1.3 the duration of the test shall be determined by the number of
obstacles. the number of obstacles will be 5 times the wheel
diameter in mm.
障礙物的數量決定測試的時間，而障礙物的數量必須為輪子直徑(mm)的五倍。
7.8.2.1.4 the test cycle shall be:
測試的循環必須為：
run: 2 minutes minimum
運轉時間最短必須為兩分鐘。
rest: 2 minutes maximum
休息時間最長只能為兩分鐘。
7.8.2.1.5 the obstacle shall be 2" (50mm) wide steel with a chamfer 45°
by one-half the obstacle height on the running edges.
障礙物必須為50mm寬的鋼鐵製品，並且在一半高度的邊緣上要有一個45°的凹槽。
7.8.2.1.6 the obstacle orientation to caster travel for linear tracks and
circular tracks shall be 90°.
障礙物的定向到小腳輪的直線移動及環行移動(水平位置)須為90°。
7.8.2.1.7 the obstacle cross section shall be rectangular with a chamfer
45° by one-half the obstacle height on the running edges.
障礙物交叉的部分必須與一個在一半高度的邊緣上有一個45°的凹槽成一個矩形。
7.8.2.1.8 the allowable track configurations are linear and circular.
可允許的軌跡配置為直線軌跡及環型軌跡。
7.8.2.2 acceptance criteria 標準接受度
the swivel and wheel bearings shall rotate freely and the parts shall be free from
defects, which would impair caster function.
輪子及轉環的軸必須要能夠自由的旋轉，且其零件必須要完整，使其不會有任何功能上的損失。
7.9 side load test 測邊裝載測試
this test is to determine the suitability of the rig strength per the following test procedure
and acceptance criteria.
this side load test applies to rigid casters only.
這個測試是經由以下的測試過及標準接受度，來決定適合的設備強度。這個測邊裝置只能使用固定輪作測試。
7.9.1 test procedure 測試過程
7.9.1.1 attach the caster to a suitable test fixture.
將小腳輪裝置在一個適合的測試儀器。
7.9.1.2 apply a force equal to the load capacity at and parallel to the axle.
提供輪軸一個相同於最大承載量且與軸平行的力量。
7.9.1.3 measure and record the deflection of the axle, relative to the mounting plane
(2.5.8), at maximum load. measure the permanent deflection after the load is
removed.
測量並紀錄輪軸於最大承載量時，與托架產生的偏折。於移除裝載物後，紀錄下永久性的偏折量。
7.9.1.4 use an instrument sensitive to 0.001" (0.0254 mm) or less.
使用一個敏感度高於0.0254mm的儀器。
7.9.1.5 the test fixture shall have sufficient rigidity so that its deflection, due to the load
applied to the caster, can be ignored.
測試的儀器必須要非常堅固，使的小腳輪受到裝載物的壓力時，其本身的偏折可以被忽略
7.9.2 acceptance criteria 標準接受度
the maximum deflection of the axle relative to the mounting plane (2.5.8) shall not
exceed the value of .070 times the nominal wheel diameter in inches.
輪軸與托架板的最大偏折量不得超過0.070乘以輪子直徑(英吋)的數值。
the permanent deflection of the axle to the application and removal of the load shall not
exceed the value of .030 times the nominal wheel diameter in inches.
輪軸的永久性偏折及移動的裝載量不得超過0.030乘以輪子直徑(英吋)的數值。
7.10 casters – vertical impact test 小腳輪－垂直衝擊測試
the objective of this test is to determine the minimum impact strength of the caster per
the following test procedure and acceptance criteria.
this vertical impact test applies to rigid and swivel casters.
這個測試的目的是要經由測試過程及標準接受度來，測出小腳輪所承受的最小衝擊力。這個垂直衝擊測試是供給固定及轉環輪。
7.10.1 test procedure 測試過程
7.10.1.1 a caster is rigidly mounted wheel up in a test fixture on a solid surface so that a
free-falling weight can impact the tread perpendicular to the axis of the wheel.
將一個小腳輪牢固的架設於一個測試儀器，並安放於一個堅固的表面，使一個自由落體的重量能夠垂直的重擊輪子的胎面到輪軸。
7.10.1.2 the minimum vertical impact force shall be equivalent to the load capacity of the
caster dropped 2" (50 mm).
最小的垂直衝擊能量必須要等同於輪子落下50mm的承載量。
7.10.2 acceptance criteria 標準接受度
there shall be no functional impairment of the caster.
小腳輪不可產生任何的功能損壞。
note: in the case of multiple wheel casters, all wheels shall be impacted simultaneously.
若是裝有複數個輪子的小腳輪，則測驗時所有的輪子必須同時接受到衝擊。
7.11 wheels – vertical impact test 輪子－垂直衝擊測試
the objective of this test is to determine the minimum impact strength of the wheel per
the following test procedure and acceptance criteria.
這個測試的目的是要經由測試過程及標準接受度來，測出小腳輪所承受的最小衝擊力。
this vertical impact test applies to wheels.
這個垂直衝擊測試是供給輪子使用。
7.11.1 test procedure 測試過程
7.11.1.1 the wheel shall be tested while suspended on a special test axle, as defined
below.
輪子於測試過程中，必須懸吊於一個特殊的測試軸，如以下所示。
7.11.1.2 the axle diameter shall be 0.005" to 0.015" (0.13 mm to 0.38 mm) smaller than
the diameter of the bore.
這個軸的直徑必須比鑽孔的直徑小0.13mm到0.38mm。
7.11.1.3 the axle shall be made from drill rod, or equivalent material, and hardened to a
minimum of 40 rockwell c.
軸必須由鑽孔桿或是相同材質的物品製成，並且將其硬化到至少40 rockwell c。
7.11.1.4 the axle shall be straight, solid, and supported not more than 0.031" (0.8 mm)
from the hub.
軸必須要筆直、堅固，且不得於超過輪心0.8mm的地方有支撐任何物品。
7.11.1.5 the minimum vertical impact force shall be equivalent to the load capacity of the
wheel dropped 2" (50 mm).
最小的垂直衝擊能量必須要等同於輪子落下50mm的承載量。
7.11.1.6 the wheel will be dismounted and examined for defects. any failure will cause
the wheel to be rejected.
將輪子拆下並且檢查有無損壞。任何損壞都會造成輪子被退回。
7.11.1.7 all wheels shall be tested at an ambient room temperature of 68-72° f (20-22°
c).
所有的測試必須於一個週遭溫度為20-22°c的環境下做測試。
7.11.2 acceptance criteria 標準接受度
there shall be no functional impairment of the wheel.
輪子不能產生任何功能性的損壞。
8 institutional and hospital bed casters – test procedures
and acceptance criteria 醫療床用小腳輪－測試過程及標準接受度
8.1 wheel play test 輪子運轉測試
the objective of this test is to determine the initial wheel play (at the beginning of the test
sequence) and the final wheel play (at the end of the test sequence).
這個測試的目的是要測試輪子一開始的運轉及最終的運轉。
8.1.1 test procedure 測試過程
8.1.1.1 the measurements shall be taken with the wheel, bearing, and axle assembled
in the fork.
測試的輪子必須含有軸承及軸裝配在托架上。
8.1.1.2 the fork (2.5.7) of the caster shall be rigidly fixed to ensure that the fork width is
maintained and the movement of the wheel is not impaired.
輪子的托架必須要穩固的垂直裝設。這樣一來，腳架的寬度才可以保持不變，輪子的運轉才不會受損。
8.1.1.3 the wheel shall then be manually tilted to one side then the opposite side, and
the total movement measured (refer to figure 65).
在來必須將輪子以手動的方式坐傾斜，由一邊至另一邊，並將移動距離做測量。
8.1.1.4 the wheel play shall not include any side movement of the wheel on the axle.
輪子的運轉不可包含輪子在軸上的任何側邊移動。
8.1.1.5 the wheel play value shall be expressed in degrees.
輪子運轉的數值必須以度數來表示。
figure 65: wheel play 輪子的運轉
8.1.2 acceptance criteria 標準接受度
8.1.2.1 the measured initial wheel play shall not exceed 3.5°.
輪子一開始運轉所測量得到的數值不可超過3.5°。
8.1.2.2 the measured final wheel play shall not exceed 6.5°.
輪子最終運轉所測量得到的數值不可超過6.5°。
8.2 swivel play test 轉環運轉測試
the objective of this test is to determine the initial swivel play (at the beginning of test
sequence) and the final swivel play (at the end of the test sequence).
這個測試的目的是要測試轉環一開始的運轉及最終的運轉。
8.2.1 test procedure 測試過程
8.2.1.1 the measurements shall be taken with the wheel, bearing, and axle assembled
in the fork.
測試的輪子必須含有軸承及軸裝配在托架上。
8.2.1.2 the fork (2.5.7) of the caster shall be rigidly fixed in a vertical position to ensure
that the fork width is maintained and movement of swivel is not impaired.
輪子的托架必須要穩固的垂直裝設。這樣一來，腳架的寬度才可以保持不變，輪子的運轉才不會受損。
8.2.1.3 place alignment marks on the fixed and swiveling parts of the caster.
於小腳輪的固定轉環上貼一排標示點。
8.2.1.4 the amplifying bar shall be rigidly attached to the mounting plane (2.5.8), pass
through the swivel axis, and for top plate casters, be parallel to the direction of
travel.
支撐的條柱必須要牢固的緊貼於托架，並穿過轉環的軸。而小腳輪則必須平行於運行的方向。
8.2.1.5 measure swivel play by moving the amplifying bar in a vertical plane first to the
limit of swivel play in one direction and then to the limit of swivel play in the
opposite direction (refer to figure 66).
將支撐的條柱於一個垂直的平台上移動，將其移動至轉環運轉極限的一邊，接著再將其移動至相反的另一邊極限。由此可測出轉環的運轉。
8.2.1.6 record the vertical distance between swivel play extremes at a point on the
amplifying bar at least 8" (200 mm) from the axis and convert to an angle in
degrees.
紀錄下轉環運轉極限，由支撐條柱到軸至少200mm的距離，接著在將其數值轉換成角度。
8.2.1.7 make two measurements each at 90° of swivel rotation from the other. the
larger of the two values shall be taken.
將兩個轉環運轉於90°時分別做測試，取較大的一個數值作為依據。
figure 66: swivel play 轉環運轉
8.2.2 acceptance criteria標準接受度
8.2.2.1 the measured initial swivel play shall not exceed 3° except for light duty casters.
一開始對轉環運轉的測量不可以超過3°，除非是輕型的小腳輪。
8.2.2.2 the measured final swivel play shall not exceed 6° except for light duty casters.
對轉環運轉的最終測量不可以超過6°，除非是輕型的小腳輪。
8.2.2.3 the measured initial swivel play for light duty casters shall not exceed 6°.
對輕型小腳輪一開始的轉環運轉測量不可以超過6°。
8.2.2.4 the measured final swivel play for light duty casters shall not exceed 12°.
對輕型小腳輪的最終轉環運轉測量不可以超過12°。
8.3 rollability test 滾動能力測試
the objective of this test is to evaluate the rolling and swiveling performance of a caster
at the load capacity. the swiveling portion of this test does not apply to rigid casters.
這個測試的目的是測試在裝載下，小腳輪的滾動及轉動表現。在這個測試中，轉動的部分並不適用於固定輪。
8.3.1 test procedure 測試過程
8.3.1.1 secure the caster(s) to the test fixture.
將小腳輪鎖緊於測試儀器。
8.3.1.2 apply the load capacity to the test fixture so it is centered over and supported by
the caster(s).
提供測試儀器一個裝載物，使其位於中心並且可以被小腳輪支撐著。
8.3.1.3 attach a measuring device to the test fixture to indicate the force required to
move the caster(s).
安裝一個測量裝置於測試儀器上，使其可以指示出移動輪子所需要的力量。
8.3.1.4 orient the caster(s) so that the wheel(s) are aligned with the direction of travel.
訂定小腳輪的方向，使其於運行時可以維持一個直線。
8.3.1.5 apply a gradual force to the fixture in line with the direction of travel while
watching the wheel(s) of the caster(s) for rotational movement. record the
peak force (start-rolling force) required to begin rotation of the caster(s)
wheel(s).
於輪子在做轉動時，於其運行的方向一直線上，對儀器施加一個漸強的力量，並紀錄下可以使輪子開始轉動的最小力量。
8.3.1.6 continue applying force until the caster(s) rolls freely and the measured reading
stabilizes. read the measuring device and record the force (keep-rolling force)
required to maintain the movement of the caster(s).
持續供給小腳輪力量，直到小腳輪開始順利的轉動，且測量到的讀數穩定。將測量到的可以使輪子持續運轉的力量做記錄。
8.3.1.7 repeat test procedure steps 8.3.1.3 through 8.3.1.6 for a minimum of three
trials; average the results.
將8.3.1.3到8.3.1.6的測試過程做至少三次的測驗，並取其平均值。
8.3.1.8 orient the caster(s) so that the wheel(s) are perpendicular to the direction of
travel.
將輪胎訂定方向，使其可以與運行的方向垂直。
8.3.1.9 apply a gradual force to the fixture in line with the direction of travel. record the
peak force (swivel force) as the caster(s) swivels to align with the direction of
travel.
於其運行的方向一直線上，對儀器施加一個漸強的力量，並紀錄下可以使輪子運行時可以維持一個直線的旋轉力量。
8.3.1.10 repeat test procedure steps 8.3.1.8 and 8.3.1.9 for a minimum of three trials;
average the results.
將8.3.1.8及8.3.1.9的測試過程做至少三次的測驗，並取其平均值。
8.3.2 acceptance criteria 標準接受度
8.3.2.1 caster(s) must roll and swivel smoothly.
小腳輪必須要能夠平順的滾動及轉動。
8.3.2.2 actual values for the rolling and swivel forces are application specific and can
be determined by the customer and the caster supplier.
滾動及轉動的實際力量是被特定運用的，並且可以被消費者及供應商決定其大小。。
8.4 wheel brake efficiency test 輪子煞車效果測試
the objective of this test is to determine the performance of the wheel braking device.
the brake designs will be tested per the following criteria: tread compression (a braking
device that applies a friction force to the tread); hub compression (a braking device that
applies a friction force to the hub); positive locking (a braking device that incorporates
interlocking features).
這個測試的目的是要測驗輪子煞車系統的功效。這個測試使用以下的幾種標準來做測試：胎面壓縮(一個可以提供胎面摩擦力的煞車裝置)；軸長壓縮(一個可以提供軸摩擦力的煞車裝置)；正向鎖(一個包含連鎖裝置的煞車系統)。
8.4.1 test procedure 測試過程
8.4.1.1 place the caster on a horizontal surface free from visible dirt.
將小腳輪放置於一個沒有灰塵的水平面上。
踩下煞車。
8.4.1.2 apply a load equal to the load capacity of the caster to the mounting plane
(2.5.8).
於小腳輪的托架上提供一個相同於裝載量的重量。
8.4.1.3 perform the rollability test. note the start-rolling force.
進行滾動能力測試，並紀錄能使輪子開始滾動的最小力量。
8.4.1.4 engage the brake.
踩下煞車。
8.4.1.5 gradually apply the horizontal force (refer to table 3) plus the start-rolling force
from the rollability test in line with the running direction of the wheel.
漸漸的施加一個水平的力量，並與一開始做滾動能力測試的滾動力量結合，共同施加於與輪子滾動同方向的一直線上。
8.4.1.6 maintain the horizontal force for 10 seconds. if during application of the
horizontal force the wheel slides, change the surface to a material with a higher
coefficient of friction and repeat the test.
將水平的力量維持十秒鐘。若於施加水平力量的期間，輪子產生滑動，則必須更換更高摩擦係數的表面的材質，並重複的做測試。
8.4.1.7 repeat test procedure steps 8.4.1.4 through 8.4.1.6 applying the horizontal
force in the opposite direction. with the brake engaged and applying the
horizontal force, the wheel must not roll.
將實驗步驟8.4.1.4,、到8.4.1.6重複一遍，但將水平施力方向改變成相反方向。同樣的，於水平力量施加時採下煞車，輪子亦不能滾動。
8.4.2 acceptance criteria 標準接受度
table 3 表三
minimum brake holding force
brake design % of load capacity
institutional
tread compression 7%
hub compression 4%
positive locking 20%
hospital bed brake 20%
8.5 swivel lock efficiency test 轉環鎖定效果測試
the objective of this test is to determine the performance of the swivel locking device.
this test refers to swivel casters supplied with a braking or locking device acting only on
its swiveling mechanism.
這個測試的目的是要測出轉環鎖定裝置的表現。這個測試使用有煞車或鎖定系統的轉環小腳輪。
8.5.1 test procedure 測試過程
8.5.1.1 before and after the dynamic test (operational) the caster shall be placed on a
hard, horizontal surface.
於力學測試開始前及結束後，將小腳輪放置於一個水平且堅硬的表面。
8.5.1.2 a test load consisting of a dead weight, or other suitable force, shall be applied
perpendicular to the mounting plane (2.5.8) of the caster and equal to the load
capacity.
一個包含淨重或是其他力量的測試裝載物必須垂直的設置於小腳輪的托架，且重量必須等同於最大載重量。
8.5.1.3 a testing device shall be applied to measure a horizontal force of 20% of the load
capacity at 90° to the direction of caster travel.
必須提供一個能夠測量水平力量的測試裝置，其重量為最大載重量的20%，且與小腳輪行進方向成90°。
8.5.1.4 if during the application of the horizontal force the wheel slides, change the
surface to a material with a high coefficient of friction and repeat the test.
如果於測試過程中，輪子產生滑動，則必須將表面的材質更換為有更高摩擦係數的材質並重複測試。
8.5.2 acceptance criteria 標準接受度
the caster shall not rotate around the swivel axis, and no failures or permanent
deformations shall occur that would affect the performance of the swivel lock.
小腳輪不能繞著轉環軸旋轉，且不能有任何會影響轉環鎖定功能的損壞或永久性變形產生。
8.6 braking and/or locking device fatigue test 煞車及鎖裝置的疲勞測試
this test is to determine if there is any wear and/or permanent deformation that would
adversely affect the performance of the braking and/or locking device.
this test is not applicable to braking and/or locking devices based on a threaded
mechanism.
這個測試的目的是要測出任何的磨損及永久性的變形有沒有可能對輪子的煞車及鎖定造成不利的影響。這個測試並不能應用於螺紋的煞車及鎖定機械裝置。
8.6.1 test procedure 測試過程
8.6.1.1 install the brake and/or locking device into an apparatus that cycles the actuating
mechanism through a full "on" and "off" cycle.
將煞車及鎖定裝置安裝於一個儀器內，使其經歷一個完整的”on”跟”off”的程序。
8.6.1.2 brake holding power shall be checked before and after the fatigue test.
疲勞測試結束時，煞車的裝置力量必須要做測試。
8.6.1.2.1 institutional: 5,000 brake actuation cycles
8.6.1.2.2 hospital bed: 10,000 brake actuation cycles
病床用：10,000次煞車驅動循環。
8.6.2 acceptance criteria 標準接受度
the test is passed if there is no wear and/or permanent deformation, which would
adversely affect the performance of the caster.
這個測試通過的條件為不能有任何的磨損及永久性的變形，因為其可能會對小腳輪的功能產生影響。
8.7 static test 靜電測試
the objective of this test is to establish a minimum factor of safety, and to determine the
load the caster can support without causing permanent deformation that would impair the
function of the caster.
這個測試的目的是在測試安全所需的最小要素，並且決定小腳輪的最大承載量(在輪子永久變形且影響輪子的功能前)。
8.7.1 test procedure 測試過程
8.7.1.1 apply a compressive load equal to four times the load capacity of the individual
caster through the mounting plane (2.5.8) for a period of one minute.
將一個相當於四倍承載量的壓縮重量裝載到一個單一輪子的托架上，並維持一分鐘。
8.7.1.2 examine the caster for damage or permanent deformation.
檢查小腳輪是否有任何的損壞或永久性的變形。
8.7.2 acceptance criteria 標準接受度
the swivel and wheel bearings shall rotate freely and the parts shall be free from defects,
which would impair the caster function.
輪子及轉環的軸必須要能夠自由的旋轉，且其零件必須要完整，使其不會有任何功能上的損失。
8.8 dynamic test 力學測試
the objective of this test is to establish operational load capacity and the maximum load
that can be carried during operation, and to pass the following test procedure with no
functional impairment to the caster.
這個測試的目的是要測出操作時的最大裝載量，且於通過以下測試過程之後，輪子不產生任何功能性的損壞。
8.8.1 test procedure 測試過程
8.8.1.1 the running speed will be 2.0 mph (3.2 km/hr).
運轉的速度必須為時速每小時2.0英哩。
8.8.1.2 the obstacle height shall be:
障礙物的高度必須為：
1/8" (3.2 mm) for wheels up to and including 6" (150 mm) in diameter.
3/16" (4.8 mm) for wheels greater than 6" (150 mm) in diameter.
8.8.1.3 the number of obstacles for a plate mount will be 10,000.
底座用的障礙物數量必須為10,000個。
8.8.1.4 the number of obstacles for a stem mount will be 500.
插桿用的障礙物數量必須為500個。
note: to calculate the total test time (t in hours), use t = 2.98 times the test
drum diameter (in feet).
進行總時間統計時，將t的數值以2.98計算，乘以測試轉輪或桌子的直徑。
8.8.1.5 remove the obstacles after 500 crossings and continue the test.
於測試過500個交叉之後，將障礙物移除，並繼續測試。
8.8.1.6 the test cycle shall be:
測試的循環必須為：
run: 2 minutes minimum
運轉時間最短必須為兩分鐘。
rest: 2 minutes maximum
休息時間最長只能為兩分鐘。
8.8.1.7 the obstacle orientation to caster travel for circular track, vertical position shall
be alternately: perpendicular, 45° to the right, and 45° to the left.
障礙物的定向使小腳輪能夠環行的滾動，且垂直角度必須交替，以45°左右交替。
8.8.1.8 the obstacle orientation to caster travel for linear track and circular track
(horizontal position) shall be 90°.
障礙物的定向到小腳輪的直線移動及環行移動(水平位置)須為90°。
8.8.1.9 the obstacle shall be 2" wide steel with a chamfer 45° by one-half the obstacle
height on the running edges.
障礙物必須為50mm寬的鋼鐵製品，並且在一半高度的邊緣上要有一個45°的凹槽。
8.8.1.10 there shall be reverse travel direction at the start of each cycle except circular
track vertical position.
每個循環開始時，都要改變方向，除了垂直位置的環型軌跡。
8.8.1.11 the allowable track configurations are linear track, circular track (horizontal
position), and circular track (vertical position).
可允許的軌跡配置為直線軌跡、環型軌跡(水平位置)、及環型軌跡(垂直位置)。
8.8.2 acceptance criteria 標準接受度
the swivel and wheel bearings shall rotate freely and the parts shall be free from defects,
which would impair caster function.
輪子及轉環的軸必須要能夠自由的旋轉，且其零件必須要完整，使其不會有任何功能上的損失。
8.9 electrical resistance test 電阻測試
the objective of this test is to establish procedures for testing and identifying electrostatically
conductive wheels and casters, and to establish the maximum surface electrical
resistance of a wheel and/or caster.
這個測試的目的是在確立實驗過程，並且鑑定出導電輪，接著在找出輪子表面的最大電阻。
8.9.1 test procedure 測試過程
8.9.1.1 the tread surfaces shall be cleaned and dried by any method that moves wax
and dirt, but does not alter the tread surface.
踏板的表面必須要是乾淨的、乾燥的。可以用任何不破壞表面的方法來清理胎面上的蠟以及髒汙。
8.9.1.2 the test room shall have a mean temperature of 68-72° f (20-22° c) and a
relative humidity of less than 80%.
進行測試的房間必須要維持20-22°c，且相對溼度要低於80%。
8.9.1.3 the wheel shall be tested while supporting a load of 25% of its load capacity.
the caster to be tested shall be rolled onto a clean, dry, flat metal plate. the
metal plate and the mounting plane (2.5.8) of the caster shall form the electrodes
for the test. the resistance between electrodes shall be measured by any
resistance measuring apparatus of a suitable range. the wheel shall be rotated
and measurements taken at five separate points of contact; average the values.
這個實驗必須於輪子有最大載重的25%的載重下進行，並且於一個乾淨、乾燥、並平坦的金屬表面上做測試。測試用的電及必須由金屬板及小腳輪的托架產生。必須要安裝一個測量電阻的儀器，以測得電極間的電阻。在測試過程中，輪子必須旋轉，並且測量五個不同的接觸點，接著再取其平均值。
8.9.2 acceptance criteria 標準接受度
8.9.2.1 conductive less than 105 ohm. all conductive wheels are to have a yellow dot
permanently affixed to the wheel surface, excluding tread, to indicate conductive.
導電性低於十的五次方ohms。所有導電性輪子必須在輪表面和踏板貼上黃色小點,以表示它的導電性。
8.9.2.2 static dissipative less than 107 ohms and more than 105 ohms.
靜電分散高於十的五次方ohms，且小於十的七次方ohms。
8.9.2.3 insulation shall be greater than 107 ohms.
絕緣體必須能夠杜絕大於十的七次方ohms的電量。
8.9.3 disclaimer
this test does not guarantee that the level of conductivity indicated during the testing will
be achieved in application. the manufacturer is not responsible for any change, either
loss or gain in conductivity due to, but not limited to, accumulation of dirt, wax, or foreign
materials on the wheel.
這個測試並不保證能夠成功的將實驗結果時限於實際運用上。製造商並不需要爲任何的改變負責，包括減少或增加導電率。但灰塵及蠟的堆積及外來的材料並不在限制範圍內。
8.10 casters – vertical impact test 小腳輪－垂直衝擊測試
the objective of this test is to determine the minimum impact strength of the caster per
the following test procedure and acceptance criteria. this vertical impact test applies
to rigid and swivel casters.
這個測試的目的是要經由測試過程及標準接受度來，測出小腳輪所承受的最小衝擊力。這個垂直衝擊測試是供給固定及轉環輪。
8.10.1 test procedure 測試過程
8.10.1.1 a caster is rigidly mounted upside down in a test fixture on a solid surface so
that a free-falling weight can impact the tread perpendicular to the axis of the
wheel.
將一個小腳輪牢固的架設於一個測試儀器，並安放於一個堅固的表面，使一個自由落體的重量能夠垂直的重擊輪子的胎面到輪軸。
8.10.1.2 the minimum vertical impact force shall be equivalent to the load capacity of the
caster dropped 2" (50 mm).
最小的垂直衝擊能量必須要等同於輪子落下50mm的承載量。
8.10.2 acceptance criteria 標準接受度
there shall be no function impairment of the caster.
小腳輪不可產生任何的功能損壞。
note: in the case of multiple wheel casters, all wheels shall be impacted simultaneously.
若是裝有複數個輪子的小腳輪，則測驗時所有的輪子必須同時接受到衝擊。
8.11 wheels – vertical impact test 輪子－垂直衝擊測試
the objective of this test is to determine the minimum impact strength of the wheel per
the following test procedure and acceptance criteria. this vertical impact test applies
to wheels.
這個測試的目的是要經由測試過程及標準接受度來，測出小腳輪所承受的最小衝擊力。這個垂直衝擊測試是供給輪子使用。
8.11.1 test procedure 測試過程
8.11.1.1 the wheel shall be tested while suspended on a special test axle, as defined
below.
輪子於測試過程中，必須懸吊於一個特殊的測試軸，如以下所示。
8.11.1.2 the axle diameter shall be 0.005" to 0.015" (0.13 mm to 0.38 mm) smaller than
the diameter of the bore.
這個軸的直徑必須比鑽孔的直徑小0.13mm到0.38mm。
8.11.1.3 the axle shall be made from drill rod, or equivalent material, and hardened to a
minimum of 40 rockwell c.
軸必須由鑽孔桿或是相同材質的物品製成，並且將其硬化到至少40 rockwell c。
8.11.1.4 the axle shall be straight, solid, and supported not more than 0.031" (0.8 mm)
from the hub.
軸必須要筆直、堅固，且不得於超過輪心0.8mm的地方有支撐任何物品。
8.11.1.5 the minimum vertical impact force shall be equivalent to the load capacity of the
caster dropped 2" (50 mm).
最小的垂直衝擊能量必須要等同於輪子落下50mm的承載量。
8.11.1.6 the wheel will be dismounted and examined for defects.
將輪子拆下並且檢查有無損壞。
8.11.1.7 all wheels shall be tested at an ambient room temperature of 68-72° f (20-22°
c).
所有的測試必須於一個週遭溫度為20-22°c的環境下做測試。
8.11.2 acceptance criteria 標準接受度
there shall be no functional impairment of the wheel.
輪子不能產生任何功能性的損壞。